💎Fazoviy tuzilishi

Koordinatsion son va VSEPR modeli asosida • KS=2 dan KS=12 gacha • 18 ta geometrik shakl

Jami shakllar

17

3D model bilan

8

KS diapazoni

2-12

KS guruhlar

10

📋 Bu bo'limda nimalarni o'rganasiz?

✓18 ta geometrik shakl (KS=2 → KS=12)

✓CPK xalqaro ranglar standarti

✓VSEPR va Kepert modellari

✓Har bir shakl uchun 3-4 ta misol

✓Interaktiv 3D modellar (8 ta)

✓Sendvich birikmalar (metallosenlar)

KS:

Faqat 3D modellar (8)

Koordinatsion son2

1 ta shakl

Chiziqli

KS=2 • 180° burchak

sp (oddiy) yoki sd (o'tish metallari)

Misollar:

[Ag(NH₃)₂]⁺[AuCl₂]⁻BeCl₂

Koordinatsion son3

1 ta shakl

Uchburchak tekislik

KS=3 • 120° burchak • D₃ₕ simmetriya

sp²

Misollar:

[Pt(PPh₃)₃][Cu(CN)₃]²⁻BF₃

Koordinatsion son4

2 ta shakl

Tetraedrik

KS=4 • 109.5° • T_d simmetriya

sp³ (asosiy guruh) • sd³ (o'tish metallari)

Misollar:

[CoCl₄]²⁻[Zn(OH)₄]²⁻CH₄+1

Tekis kvadrat

KS=4 • 90° • D₄ₕ simmetriya

dsp² (VSEPR bo'yicha)

Misollar:

[PtCl₄]²⁻Sisplatin[Ni(CN)₄]²⁻+1

Koordinatsion son5

2 ta shakl

Trigonal bipiramida

KS=5 • 90°/120° • D₃ₕ simmetriya

VSEPR modeli (gibridlanish emas)

Misollar:

[Fe(CO)₅][CuCl₅]³⁻PCl₅

Kvadrat piramida

KS=5 • ~90° • C₄ᵥ simmetriya

VSEPR modeli

Misollar:

[Ni(CN)₅]³⁻[VO(acac)₂][InCl₅]²⁻

Koordinatsion son6

2 ta shakl

Oktaedrik

KS=6 • 90° • Oₕ simmetriya

d²sp³ (inner) yoki sp³d² (outer)

Misollar:

[Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺[Fe(CN)₆]³⁻[Cr(H₂O)₆]³⁺+1

Trigonal prizma

KS=6 • D₃ₕ simmetriya • Kam uchraydi

VSEPR/Kepert modeli

Misollar:

[Re(S₂C₂Ph₂)₃][W(CH₃)₆][Mo(S₂C₂(CF₃)₂)₃]

KS=6Kam uchraydiO'qish →

Koordinatsion son7

2 ta shakl

Pentagonal bipiramida

KS=7 • D₅ₕ simmetriya

VSEPR modeli

Misollar:

[ZrF₇]³⁻[HfF₇]³⁻[UO₂F₅]³⁻

Monoyopiq trigonal prizma

KS=7 • C₂ᵥ simmetriya

VSEPR modeli

Misollar:

[NbOF₆]³⁻[TaF₇]²⁻

Koordinatsion son8

3 ta shakl

Kubsimon

KS=8 • Oₕ simmetriya

VSEPR/Kepert (f orbital kam)

Misollar:

[Mo(CN)₈]⁴⁻[TaF₈]³⁻[PaF₈]³⁻

Dodekaedrik

KS=8 • D₂d simmetriya

VSEPR/Kepert modeli

Misollar:

[Zr(acac)₄][Mo(CN)₈]⁴⁻

Kvadrat antiprizma

KS=8 • D₄d simmetriya

VSEPR/Kepert modeli

Misollar:

[XeF₈]²⁻[IF₈]⁻[TaF₈]³⁻

Koordinatsion son9

1 ta shakl

Uch yoqli trigonal prizma

KS=9 • D₃ₕ simmetriya

VSEPR modeli

Misollar:

[ReH₉]²⁻[Nd(H₂O)₉]³⁺

Koordinatsion son10

2 ta shakl

Ikki yoqli kvadrat antiprizma

KS=10 • D₄d simmetriya

VSEPR modeli

Misollar:

[Th(C₂O₄)₄(H₂O)₂]⁴⁻

KS=10O'qish →

Sendvich (Metallosen)

KS=10 • η⁵-C₅H₅ ligandlar

Molekulyar orbital nazariyasi

Misollar:

Ferrosen [Fe(C₅H₅)₂]KobaltosenNikelosen

KS=10O'qish →

Koordinatsion son12

1 ta shakl

Ikosaedrik

KS=12 • 20 ta uchburchak yuz • Iₕ simmetriya

VSEPR modeli

Misollar:

[B₁₂H₁₂]²⁻C₆₀ (fulleren)[Th(NO₃)₆]²⁻

KS=12O'qish →

⚠️

Muhim ilmiy eslatma

Zamonaviy koordinatsion kimyoda gibridlanish tushunchasi cheklangan qo'llaniladi. Ko'p hollarda VSEPR modeli, Kepert modeli va Kristall maydon nazariyasi aniqroq natija beradi. f-orbitallar ishtirokidagi gibridlanish (sp³d³f) juda kam uchraydigan holatlar uchun.

📚 Manba: A.M. Nasimov, X.Sh. Tashpulatov — Noorganik kimyoning tanlangan boblari (5.3, 5.5-bo'limlar)